E like me nā mea hana nui ʻē aʻe i loko o ka mōʻaukala, kapapa kaapuni paʻi (PCB)e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā ma muli o ka holomua i hana ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala.Ma ko mākou wahi liʻiliʻi o ka honua, hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi i ka mōʻaukala o nā PCB ma mua o 130 mau makahiki, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā mīkini ʻoihana nui o ka honua.ʻO ka mea a mākou e uhi ai ma kēia blog ʻaʻole ia ka mōʻaukala piha, akā ʻo nā manawa koʻikoʻi i hoʻololi i ka PCB i kēia lā.
No ke aha PCB?
I ka manawa lōʻihi, ua ulu nā PCB i mea hana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana uila.ʻO ka mea i maʻalahi i ka wā e hoʻākoakoa ai me ka lima, ua hāʻawi koke i nā ʻāpana microscopic e koi ana i ka pololei a me ka pono.E lawe i nā papa ʻelua i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma lalo nei i laʻana.ʻO kekahi he papa kahiko mai nā makahiki 1960 no nā helu helu.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka motherboard kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe maʻamau āu e ʻike ai ma nā kamepiula o kēia lā.
ʻO kahi hoʻohālikelike PCB ma waena o kahi helu helu 1968 a me nā motherboards hou o kēia lā.
Ma ka calculator hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa he 30+ transistors, akā ma kahi pahu hoʻokahi ma ka motherboard e ʻike ʻoe ma luna o hoʻokahi miliona transistors.ʻO ke kumu, ʻo ka nui o ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻolālā PCB ponoʻī he mea kupanaha.Hiki i nā mea a pau ma ka calculator PCB ke komo i loko o ka pahu hoʻokahi i nā hoʻolālā o kēia lā.Hāʻawi kēia i ka manaʻo i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona kaulana i ka hana PCB:
Ke hoʻohui nei mākou i nā hana hou aʻe i nā polokalamu holomua e like me nā integrated circuits (ICs) a me nā microprocessors.
Ke emi nei mākou i nā ʻāpana passive e like me nā resistors a me nā capacitors i lalo i ka pae microscopic.
Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau mea a pau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui a me ka paʻakikī o kā mākou papa kaapuni.
ʻO kēia mau holomua āpau e alakaʻi nui ʻia e ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka wikiwiki a me ka hana o kā mākou huahana.Manaʻo mākou e pane koke kā mākou mau mea hana, ʻo kekahi mau kekona o ka lohi e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu iā mākou.No ka hana, e noʻonoʻo i nā pāʻani wikiō.I ka makahiki 80, ua pāʻani paha ʻoe iā Pac-Man ma kahi arcade.I kēia manawa ke ʻike nei mākou i nā hōʻike photoreal o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.He pupule wale ka holomua.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pāʻani wikiō ʻaneʻane ola i kēia mau lā.
Ua maopopo ua ulu nā PCB i ka pane pololei i ka mea a mākou e manaʻo ai mai kā mākou mau polokalamu.Pono mākou i nā huahana wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka ikaika, a ʻo ke ala wale nō e hoʻokō ai i kēia mau koi ʻo ia ka miniaturize a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ke kaʻina hana.I ka manawa hea i hoʻomaka ai kēia boom i ka uila a me nā PCB?I ka wanaʻao o ka makahiki Gilded.
Makahiki Gilded (1879 – 1900)
Ua hoʻopau mākou i ke Kaua Kivila ʻAmelika i nā makahiki 60, a i kēia manawa ke ulu nei ka hana ʻana o ʻAmelika.I kēia manawa, ke hana nei mākou i ka mea hiki iā mākou, mai ka meaʻai a hiki i nā lole, nā lako a me nā kaʻa.Aia ka ʻoihana moku i ka hewa, a ke noʻonoʻo nei kā mākou poʻe ʻenekinia nui pehea e kiʻi ai i kekahi mai ke kahakai hikina o ʻAmelika a i ke kahakai komohana i 5 a 7 mau lā ma mua o 5 a 7 mau mahina.
ʻO nā ala kaʻaahi i hele mai ke kahakai a i ke kahakai he mau lā ma mua o nā mahina.
I loko o kēia manawa, lawe pū mākou i ka uila i loko o ka home, ma mua ma nā kūlanakauhale a laila ma nā kula a me nā kua'āina.ʻO ka uila ke pani i ka lanahu, ka lāʻau a me ka ʻaila.E noʻonoʻo i ka noho ʻana ma New York i ka wā hoʻoilo paʻakikī, e hoʻāʻo ana e kuke a hoʻomaʻamaʻa paha me nā lanahu lepo a i ʻole nā puʻu wahie.Ua hoʻololi ka uila i nā mea a pau.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ʻo Standard Oil, ka mea i monopolize i ka mākeke aila, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻolako i ka aila no ka ʻaila.ʻO kā lākou mākeke ka ʻaila no ka kuke ʻana, ka palai a me ka kukui.Me ka hiki ʻana mai o ka uila, pono ʻo Standard Oil e wehewehe i kahi hoʻohana hou no ka aila, e hele mai me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ke kaʻa.
I Mei i ka makahiki 1878, ua hoʻopuka ka Hui ʻAila Kūlana i ka waiwai, a ua hoʻomaka ka monopoly aila.
I ka wā Gilded Age ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau ʻike nui i ka electromagnetism.Ua hana mākou i ke kaʻa uila, nāna e hoʻololi i ka ikehu uila i ikehu mechanical.ʻIke pū mākou i nā mea hana, e hana ʻē aʻe ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu mechanical i ka ikehu uila.
He manawa nō hoʻi ia o nā mea hana akamai i loaʻa ka hopena i ko mākou honua uila i kēia mau lā, me:
Ua haku ʻo Thomas Edison i ka ʻōpuʻu kukui i ka makahiki 1879, ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka makahiki 1889, a me nā mea hou aku he nui.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Nikola Tesla i ke kaʻa uila i ka makahiki 1888 a me ke kumu mana AC i ka makahiki 1895.
Ua haku ʻo Alexander Graham Bell i ke kelepona i ka makahiki 1876.
Ua haku ʻo Kodak ʻo George Eastman i ka pahu kiʻi kiʻi mua i ka makahiki 1884.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Herman Hollerith i ka mīkini papa helu i ka makahiki 1890 a ua loaʻa iā IBM.
I loko o kēia wā ikaika o ka hana hou, ʻo kekahi o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui loa ma waena o AC a me DC.ʻO ke au hou a Tesla i lilo i ala kūpono no ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka mana ma kahi lōʻihi.ʻO ka mea mahalo, akā, ke hana nei mākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o AC-DC i kēia lā.
Ua lanakila paha ʻo AC i ke kaua, akā ʻoi aku ka mana o DC i ka uila.
E nānā i nā mea uila āu e hoʻopili ai i ka pā, pono ʻoe e hoʻololi i ka AC i DC.A i ʻole, inā ʻoe e nānā i nā ʻōnaehana i koi ʻia no nā panela solar, hoʻopuka lākou i ka uila ma DC, pono e hoʻohuli hou ʻia i AC ma ke ʻano he mana, a hoʻi i DC no kā mākou mau polokalamu e hoʻohana ai.Aneane hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i pau ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa AC-DC, ua kau ʻia kahi kaulike ma waena o nā manaʻo kūʻē ʻelua.
Nui ka hoʻi ʻana ma waena o AC a me DC i loko o ka panel solar.
E hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo kumu o ka PCB i ka Gilded Age.Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻole o nā hana hana o kēia au, a me ka mana ākea o ka uila, ʻaʻole loa e like nā PCB i kēia lā.
ʻEā Holomua (1890 – 1920)
Ua hōʻailona ʻia ka Progressive Era e kahi manawa o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nohona, me nā kānāwai e like me ka Sherman Antitrust Act e wāwahi ana i ka monopoly o Standard Oil.ʻO kēia hoʻi ke ʻike mākou i nā patent PCB mua.I ka makahiki 1903, ua noi ʻo Albert Hanson ka mea hoʻopuka Kelemania i palapala patent Pelekane no kahi mea hana i wehewehe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokele pepa paʻa ma luna o kahi papa insulating multilayer.Kamaʻāina ke kani?
Ke kaha kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka patent PCB mua a Albert Hanson.
Hōʻike pū ʻo Hansen i ka manaʻo o nā noi ma loko o kāna patent.Ma ʻaneʻi, hōʻike ʻo ia e hiki iā ʻoe ke kuʻi i kahi lua ma nā papa ʻelua me nā laina kūpaʻa e hana i kahi pilina uila.
I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka mākou e ʻike iā Edison a me nā alakaʻi ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e hana nui i ka lawe ʻana i nā mea uila i nā hale o kēlā me kēia lā.ʻO ka pilikia me kēia pana ʻana ʻo ka nele loa o ka standardization.Inā noho ʻoe ma New York a i ʻole New Jersey a hoʻohana ʻoe i ka uila a Edison no ke kukui, hoʻomehana a kuke ʻana, he aha ka hopena inā hoʻohana ʻoe iā ia ma kekahi kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe?ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka mea aia kēlā me kēia kūlanakauhale i kāna hoʻonohonoho kumu ponoʻī.
Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pilikia ma muli o ka makemake ʻole ʻo Edison e kūʻai aku i nā poʻe i kahi kukui kukui, makemake pū ʻo ia e kūʻai aku i kahi lawelawe.Hiki iā Edison ke hāʻawi iā ʻoe i ka lawelawe uila i kēlā me kēia mahina;a laila, kūʻai ʻoe i nā ʻōpuʻu kukui, nā mea hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi iā Harvey Hubbel no ka hoʻopau hope ʻana i kēia haunaele.I ka makahiki 1915, ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻo ia i ka plug socket wall maʻamau i hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā.I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole ka pā wela i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi kumu kukui.He lanakila nui kēia no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoihana.
Mahalo iā Harvey Hubbel, i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi puka pā maʻamau no nā mea uila āpau.
Ma ke ʻano he moʻolelo hope loa, ua hōʻailona ʻia ka Progressive Era e ke Kaua Honua I. Ke nānā pono nei kēia hakakā i nā mechs a me ke kaua auwaha.ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo PCB, a i ʻole nā mea uila maʻamau, i nā noi koa i kēia manawa, akā e hiki koke ana.
ʻO Roaring Twenties (1920s)
Me ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua, aia mākou i kēia manawa i ka Roaring Twenties, kahi i ʻike nui ai i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ʻAmelika.No ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala, nui ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā kūlanakauhale ma mua o nā mahiʻai.Ke hoʻomaka nei mākou e ʻike i nā kaulahao a me nā hōʻailona e hoʻolauna ʻia ana ma waena o US.Loaʻa paha iā ʻoe kahi hale kūʻai ʻohana a ʻelua paha ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻokoʻa ʻelua, akā i kēia manawa ua loaʻa iā mākou nā hale kūʻai nui a me nā hale kūʻai e hele i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ke kaʻa kaʻa a Henry Ford ka mea i hana nui ʻia i kēia wā a me nā ʻōnaehana e pono ai.Ua like ke kūlana me nā makahiki 1990, i ka wā i kūkulu ai mākou i kahi ʻoihana nui e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a me ko mākou mau makahiki ʻike ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hoʻololi, nā mea ala, a me nā kaula fiber optic.ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā kaʻa.
ʻO ke kaʻa mua o Henry Ford - he kaʻa ʻehā.
Maanei kakou e ike ai i ke alanui lepo i paapu ia.Pono ka poʻe i ka ʻaila no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kā lākou kaʻa, no laila ka pono o nā hale kiola.Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā hale kūʻai hoʻoponopono, nā lako a me nā mea hou aku.ʻO ke ʻano o ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ka poʻe he nui i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hana ʻana o ke kaʻa, a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO ia nō hoʻi ka wā i ʻike ai mākou i ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā mea hana hou a mākou e hilinaʻi nei i kēia mau lā, e like me nā mīkini holoi, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā pahu hau.No ka manawa mua, hiki i ka poʻe ke kūʻai aku i nā waiwai palaho i nā hale kūʻai a mālama iā lākou no kahi ola lōʻihi.
Akā ma hea ko mākou PCB?ʻAʻole naʻe mākou i ʻike iā lākou i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hana a i ʻole nā kaʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēia manawa.Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1925, ua waiho ʻo Charles Ducasse i kahi palapala hōʻailona e wehewehe ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka inika conductive i nā mea insulating.E hopena kēia i kahi papa uea paʻi (PWB).ʻO kēia patent ka palapala hoʻohana mua e like me ka PCB, akā ma ke ʻano he planar heat coil.ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā mākou nā pilina uila maoli ma waena o ka papa a me nā ʻāpana, akā ke kokoke nei mākou.
Ua hoʻomau ka PCB i ka ulu ʻana, i kēia manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he coil wela no Charles Ducas.
Kaumaha nui (1930s)
I ka makahiki 1929, ua hāʻule ka mākeke waiwai, a ua hāʻule nā mea hou a pau o ko mākou manawa.Maʻaneʻi mākou eʻike ai i kahi manawa o ka nele i ka hana ma luna o 25%, 25,000 mau pilikia panakō, a me nā pilikia nui a puni ka honua.He manawa pōʻino ia no ke kanaka holoʻokoʻa, e wehe ana i ke ala no ka piʻi ʻana o Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, a me kā mākou mau hakakā honua e hiki mai ana.Ua hāmau paha nā PCB a hiki i kēia manawa, akā ua kokoke e loli.
Ua hoʻopilikia ka Depression Nui i nā kānaka a pau, mai nā panakō a i nā limahana maʻamau.
Kaua Honua II (1939 – 1945)
Ke hoʻomaka nei ke Kaua Honua II, a ua hui pū ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma hope o ka pana ʻana iā Pearl Harbor i ka makahiki 1942. ʻO ka mea hoihoi e pili ana iā Pearl Harbor ʻo ia ka pau ʻole o ke kamaʻilio ʻana i alakaʻi i ka hoʻouka kaua.Ua loaʻa iā ʻAmelika nā hōʻike maikaʻi o kahi pilikia e hiki mai ana, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa nā ala āpau e launa pū me ko lākou kahua kaua ma Honolulu, a ua hopu ʻia ka mokupuni.
Ma muli o kēia hāʻule ʻole, ua ʻike ka DoD ua pono lākou i kahi ala ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka kamaʻilio.ʻO kēia ka mea i lawe i ka uila i mua ma ke ʻano he kumu mua o ke kamaʻilio e pani ana i ka code Morse.
ʻO ia hoʻi i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o nā PCB i nā fuse pili i loaʻa iā mākou i kēia lā.Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana no nā projectiles kiʻekiʻe e koi ana i ke ahi pololei lōʻihi ma ka lewa a i ʻole ma ka ʻāina.Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia ka fuze kokoke e ka poʻe Pelekania e kūʻē i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pūʻali koa Hitler.Ua kaʻana like ʻia me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa kahi i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana ʻana.
ʻO kekahi o nā noi koa mua e hoʻohana i nā PCB ʻo ia nā fuses pili.
I loko o kēia manawa, loaʻa iā mākou ʻo Paul Eisler, he Austrian e noho ana ma UK, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka foil keleawe ma kahi pani aniani non-conductive.Kamaʻāina ke kani?He manaʻo kēia a mākou e hoʻohana mau nei i kēia lā e hana i nā PCB me ka insulation a me ke keleawe ma luna / lalo.Ua hoʻonui ʻo Eisler i kēia manaʻo i ka wā i kūkulu ai ʻo ia i ka lekiō mai kāna PCB i ka makahiki 1943, kahi e wehe ai i ke ala no nā noi koa e hiki mai ana.
Ua kūkulu ʻo Paul Eisler i ka lekiō mai ka papa kaapuni mua i pai ʻia (PCB).
Baby Boomers (1940s)
I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ʻike mākou i ko mākou mau koa i ka hoʻi ʻana mai i ka home, hoʻomaka i nā ʻohana, a loaʻa i kahi pūʻulu keiki.E kiʻi i nā pēpē boomers.I ka wā ma hope o ke kaua, ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i nā mea hana e kū nei e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, nā mīkini holoi, nā televise a me nā lekiō.I kēia manawa aia ka Great Recession ma hope o mākou, hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku ke hāʻawi hope i kēia mau mea i ko lākou mau home.
ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i nā PCB o nā mea kūʻai aku.Auhea na hana a Paulo Eisler?E nānā i kēia TV kahiko ma lalo a ʻike ʻoe i nā ʻāpana āpau, akā me ka ʻole o ke kumu PCB.
He TV Motorola kahiko mai 1948, ʻaʻohe PCB.
ʻOiai ka nele o nā PCB, ua ʻike mākou i ka hōʻea ʻana o ka transistor ma Bell Labs i ka makahiki 1947. Ua lawe ʻia i ʻeono mau makahiki ma 1953 ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana i ka hana, akā no ke aha ka lōʻihi?I ia mau lā, hoʻolaha ʻia ka ʻike ma o nā puke pai, nā hālāwai kūkā, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Ua hānau ʻia ka transistor mua ma Bell Laboratories i ka makahiki 1947.
ʻEā Cold War (1947 – 1991)
ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o ka wā Cold War i hōʻailona i kahi manawa nui o ka haunaele ma waena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka Soviet Union.Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka kapitalisme a me ka komunism, ua kokoke kēia mau pilikua ʻelua i ke kaua me kekahi a ua hoʻokau i ka honua ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka luku nuklea.
No ka noho ʻana ma mua o kēia heihei, pono nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou hiki ke kamaʻilio e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana a ka ʻenemi.Maanei mākou e ʻike ai i ka PCB i hoʻohana ʻia i kona hiki piha.I ka makahiki 1956, ua paʻi ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika i kahi patent no kahi "kaʻina hui kaapuni."Loaʻa i nā mea hana ke ala e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka uila a hana i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana me nā ʻāpana keleawe.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā PCB i ka honua hana, ua ʻike mākou iā mākou iho i ka heihei lewa mua o ka honua.Ua loaʻa iā Rūsia kekahi mau hana kupanaha i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi:
1957 Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka satellite artificial mua, ʻo Sputnik
1959 Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Luna 2, ka mokulele mokulele mua i ka mahina
I ka makahiki 1961, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Yuri Gagarin, ka cosmonaut mua, e hoʻopuni i ka Honua
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka satellite artificial mua o Rūsia, ʻo Sputnik, i ka makahiki 1957.
ʻAuhea ʻo ʻAmelika i kēia mau mea a pau?ʻO ka hapa nui ma hope, hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻelua paha e hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana like.Ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana i kēia āpau, ʻike mākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ka waihona kālā o ʻAmelika i ʻelima mau manawa i ka makahiki 1960. Loaʻa iā mākou ka haʻiʻōlelo kaulana ʻo 1962 Pelekikena Kennedy, kahi ʻāpana o ia mea e pono ke ʻōlelo ʻia:
“Ke koho nei mākou e hele i ka mahina!Ua koho mākou e hele i ka mahina e hana i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kēia mau makahiki, ʻaʻole no ka maʻalahi, akā no ka paʻakikī;no ka mea, e kōkua ana kēia pahuhopu i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke ana ʻana i ko mākou ikaika a me nā mākau maikaʻi loa, no ka mea, ʻo nā pilikia ka mea a mākou e makemake ai e lawe, nā mea a mākou e makemake ʻole e hoʻopanee, a me nā mea a mākou e makemake ai e lanakila.– John F. Kennedy, Pelekikena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kepakemapa 12, 1962
ʻO kēia mau mea a pau i alakaʻi i kahi manawa koʻikoʻi i ka mōʻaukala.Ma Iulai 20, 1969, ua pae ke kanaka ʻAmelika mua i ka mahina.
ʻO ke kanaka mua ma ka mahina, he manawa mōʻaukala no ke kanaka.
Ke hoʻi nei i nā PCB, i ka makahiki 1963 ua loaʻa iā mākou ka ʻenehana Hazeltyne Corporation i ka ʻenehana mua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka lua.E ʻae kēia i nā ʻāpana e hoʻopili kokoke i ka PCB me ka hopohopo ʻole e pili ana i nā hoʻohui keʻa.Ua ʻike pū mākou i ka hoʻolauna ʻana o Surface Mount Technology (SMT), i hoʻomohala ʻia e IBM.Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia mau hui paʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kahi hoʻoikaika rocket Saturn.
1967 ʻO ka patent ʻenehana PCB ma waena o ka lua.
Dawn of the Microprocessor (1970s)
Ua lawe mai nā 70s iā mākou i ka microprocessor mua ma ke ʻano o ka integrated circuit (IC).Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia kēia e Jack Kilby o Texas Instruments i ka makahiki 1958. He mea hou ʻo Kilby iā TI, no laila ua mālama ʻia kāna mau manaʻo hou no nā IC.Eia naʻe, i ka manawa i hoʻouna ʻia ai nā ʻenekinia kiʻekiʻe o TI i kahi hālāwai pule, ua noho ʻo Kilby ma hope a holo me nā manaʻo i loko o kona poʻo.Ma ʻaneʻi, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka IC mua i loko o nā labs TI, a makemake nui nā ʻenekini hoʻi.
Aia ʻo Jack Kilby i ke kaapuni hoʻohui mua.
I nā makahiki 1970, ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o nā IC i ka hana uila.I kēia manawa, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi PCB no kāu mau pilina, pilikia nui ʻoe.
Dawn of the Digital Age (1980s)
ʻO ka makahiki kikohoʻe ua hoʻololi nui i ka media a mākou e ʻai ai, me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea ponoʻī e like me nā disc, VHS, nā kāmela, nā consoles pāʻani, walkmans, a me nā mea hou aku.
I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā moeʻuhane o nā kamaliʻi i ka console video game Atari.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka huki lima ʻana o nā PCB me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa māmā a me nā stencils, akā hele mai nā kamepiula a me EDA.Maanei mākou e ʻike ai i nā polokalamu EDA e like me Protel a me EAGLE e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻolālā a hana ʻana i nā uila.Ma kahi o kahi kiʻi o ka PCB, hiki iā mākou ke mālama i ka hoʻolālā ʻana ma ke ʻano he faila kikokikona Gerber, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻonohonoho i ka mīkini hana e hana i ka PCB.
ʻO ka makahiki Internet (1990s)
I nā makahiki 90, ua ʻike mākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke silika i ka holo piha me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka BGA.I kēia manawa hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻīpuka hou aʻe ma kahi pahu hoʻokahi a hoʻomaka i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo a me nā system-on-chip (SoCs) pū kekahi.ʻO kēia kekahi manawa o ka miniaturization kiʻekiʻe o nā mea uila.ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona hou i hoʻohui ʻia i ka PCB, akā ua hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa e hoʻololi a hoʻomohala, neʻe i ka IC.
Pono nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i nā hoʻolālā design-for-test (DFT) i kā lākou hoʻolālā.ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka paʻi ʻana i kahi ʻāpana a hoʻohui i kahi laina polū.Pono nā ʻenekinia e hoʻolālā i kā lākou hoʻolālā me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana hou e hiki mai ana.Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana a pau i kahi ala e hiki ai ke wehe maʻalahi?He hopohopo nui kēia.
He wā hoʻi ia i hana ʻia ai nā pūʻolo mea liʻiliʻi e like me ka 0402 i hiki ʻole ke kūʻai lima ʻia i nā papa kaapuni.Noho ka mea hoʻolālā i kāna polokalamu EDA a ʻo ka mea hana ke kuleana no ka hana kino a me ka hui.
ʻO nā ʻāpana kau i luna mai ka nui a ka liʻiliʻi.
Ke au Hybrid (2000s a ma mua aku)
ʻOki i kēia au o ka uila a me ka hoʻolālā PCB;ka mea a mākou i kapa ai i ka wā hybrid.I ka wā ma mua, ua loaʻa iā mākou nā mea he nui no nā pono he nui.Pono ʻoe i kahi helu helu;kūʻai ʻoe i ka helu helu.Makemake ʻoe e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō;kūʻai ʻoe i kahi console pāʻani wikiō.I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i kahi kelepona a loaʻa iā ʻoe he 30 mau pae o nā hiʻohiʻona i kūkulu ʻia.ʻIke ʻia paha kēia, akā he mea kupanaha ke ʻike maoli ʻoe i nā mea āpau e hiki ai i kā mākou kelepona ke hana:
hāmeʻa pāʻani puke helu leka uila barcode scanner flashlight bele kamera hoʻokele
mea hoʻokani pila ka papa kuhikuhi VCR palapala kele pūnaewele alemanaka kiʻiʻoniʻoni calculator
ʻO nā tikiki leka kelepona mea hoʻopaʻa mīkini pane pane puke puke panakō pōkole
Aia mākou i ka makahiki o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hana, akā he aha ka mea aʻe?Hoʻokumu ʻia nā PCB a loaʻa iā mākou nā kaʻina hana a me nā kaʻina hana no nā mea āpau.Ke lilo nei nā noi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe i mea maʻamau.ʻIke pū mākou he 25% wale nō o nā mea hoʻolālā PCB ma lalo o 45 mau makahiki, aʻo 75% ke mākaukau nei e hoʻomaha.ʻIke ʻia ka ʻoihana i ka wā pilikia.
E lilo anei ka hope o ka hoʻolālā PCB i robots?Malia paha i loko o kahi kapa komo me kahi kaapuni flex?A i ʻole e ʻike paha mākou i nā protons e hoʻololi i nā electrons me nā photonics.E like me ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i nā PCB kino, hiki ke loli i ka wā e hiki mai ana.ʻAʻohe pono o ke kino kino e hiki ai i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana, akā ʻo ka hiki o ka ʻenehana nalu.E ʻae kēia i nā ʻāpana e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona me ka ʻole o ke keleawe.
He aha ka mea e hiki mai ana?
ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i kahi o ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka hoʻolālā PCB, a i ʻole nā mea uila ma ka laulā.Ma kahi kokoke i 130 mau makahiki mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou ʻiʻo hana e hana.Mai ia manawa, ua loli mau ka honua me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā huahana nui e like me nā kaʻa, nā mea hana, nā kamepiula, nā smartphones, a me nā mea hou aku.Ua hala nā lā a mākou i hilinaʻi ai i ka lanahu, ka lāʻau a i ʻole ka ʻaila no ko mākou ola kumu a me ke ola.I kēia manawa, loaʻa iā mākou nā hāmeʻa uila e hiki ke hoʻokō i kā mākou pono o kēlā me kēia lā.
Akā he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana?He mea ike nui keia.Ua ʻike mākou a pau, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea hana i mua o mākou ke kū nei ma luna o nā poʻohiwi o kona mau mua.Ua lawe ko mākou mau kūpuna i ka hoʻolālā PCB i kahi e kū nei i kēia lā, a i kēia manawa pono mākou e hana hou a hoʻololi i ke ʻano o kā mākou hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka launa pū ʻana me ka ʻenehana.Hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana kekahi mea.Aia iā ʻoe ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-17-2023