Monga zina zambiri zopanga zazikulu m'mbiri yonse, thebolodi losindikizidwa (PCB)monga tikudziwira lero zazikidwa pa kupita patsogolo komwe kwachitika m’mbiri yonse.M'dziko lathu laling'ono la dziko lapansi, tikhoza kutsata mbiri ya PCB zaka zoposa 130, pamene makina akuluakulu a mafakitale anali akuyamba kumene.Zomwe tidzakambirana mubulogu iyi si mbiri yonse, koma nthawi zofunika zomwe zinasintha PCB kukhala momwe ilili lero.
Chifukwa chiyani PCB?
M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma PCB asintha kukhala chida chothandizira kupanga zinthu zamagetsi.Zomwe poyamba zinali zosavuta kuziphatikiza ndi dzanja mwachangu zidalowa m'malo mwa tinthu tating'ono tomwe timafunikira makina olondola komanso osavuta.Tengani matabwa awiri omwe akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi monga chitsanzo.Imodzi ndi bolodi yakale yochokera m'ma 1960 ya zowerengera.Winawo ndi bolodi yolimba kwambiri yomwe mungawone pamakompyuta amakono.
Kuyerekeza kwa PCB pakati pa chowerengera cha 1968 ndi ma boardboard amakono amakono.
Mu calculator titha kukhala ndi ma transistors 30+, koma pa chip chimodzi pa boardboard mupeza ma transistors opitilira miliyoni miliyoni.Mfundo ndi yakuti, mlingo wa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi mapangidwe a PCB ndi ochititsa chidwi.Chilichonse chomwe chili pa chowerengera cha PCB tsopano chikhoza kulowa mu chipangizo chimodzi m'mapangidwe amakono.Izi zikuwonetsa zochitika zingapo zodziwika pakupanga PCB:
Tikuphatikiza magwiridwe antchito ku zida zapamwamba monga ma circuit Integrated (ICs) ndi ma microprocessors.
Tikuchepetsa zinthu zomwe sizimangokhala ngati ma resistors ndi ma capacitor mpaka pamlingo wa microscopic.
Zonsezi zimabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa zigawo komanso zovuta pama board athu ozungulira.
Kupita patsogolo konseku kumayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwachangu komanso magwiridwe antchito azinthu zathu.Tikuyembekeza kuti zida zathu zidzayankha nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale kuchedwa kwa masekondi angapo kungatipangitse kuchita chipwirikiti.Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, ganizirani masewera apakanema.Kalelo m'ma 80s, mwina mudasewera Pac-Man pabwalo lamasewera.Tsopano tikuwona zithunzi zowonetsera zenizeni zenizeni.Kupita patsogolo ndi misala basi.
Zithunzi zamasewera apakanema zili ngati zamoyo masiku ano.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti ma PCB adasinthika motsatira zomwe timayembekezera pazida zathu.Timafunikira zinthu zachangu, zotsika mtengo, zamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo njira yokhayo yokwaniritsira izi ndikuchepetsa ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito opangira.Kodi zida zamagetsi ndi ma PCB zidayamba liti?Kumayambiriro kwa M'badwo Wokongola.
Zaka Zakale (1879-1900)
Tinathetsa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku America m’zaka za m’ma 60, ndipo tsopano kupangidwa kwa America kukuchuluka.Pakali pano, tikuchita zomwe tingathe, kuchokera ku chakudya kupita ku zovala, mipando ndi njanji.Makampani oyendetsa sitimayo ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo mainjiniya athu akuluakulu akuganiza momwe angapezere munthu kuchokera kugombe lakum'mawa kwa US kupita kugombe lakumadzulo m'masiku 5 mpaka 7 m'malo mwa miyezi 5 mpaka 7.
Njira zoyendera njanji zimatenga masiku angapo m'malo mwa miyezi.
Panthaŵi imeneyi, tinkabweretsanso magetsi m’nyumba, choyamba m’mizinda ndiyeno m’madera akumidzi ndi kumidzi.Magetsi tsopano alowa m’malo mwa malasha, nkhuni ndi mafuta.Ganizirani za kukhala ku New York m’nyengo yachisanu yotentha, kuyesa kuphika kapena kutenthetsa ndi malasha auve wa nkhuni.Magetsi anasintha zonsezo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Standard Oil, yomwe imayang'anira msika wamafuta, sapereka mafuta amafuta.Msika wawo ndi mafuta ophikira, okazinga ndi kuyatsa.Kubwera kwa magetsi, Standard Oil idafunikira kufotokozera njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta, yomwe ingabwere ndikuyambitsa galimoto.
Mu May 1878, Standard Oil Company inatulutsa katundu, ndipo kulamulira kwa mafuta kunayamba.
M'nthawi Yophimbidwa tidawona zopezedwa zazikulu mu electromagnetism.Tinapanga injini yamagetsi, yomwe imasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamakina.Timawonanso ma jenereta, omwe amachita zosiyana ndi kusintha mphamvu zamakina kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi.
Inalinso nthawi ya akatswiri opanga nzeru omwe adakali ndi mphamvu pa dziko lathu lamagetsi masiku ano, kuphatikizapo:
Thomas Edison anapanga babu mu 1879, kanema mu 1889, ndi zina zambiri zatsopano.
Nikola Tesla adapanga mota yamagetsi mu 1888 ndi gwero lamagetsi la AC mu 1895.
Alexander Graham Bell anapanga foni mu 1876.
George Eastman's Kodak anapanga kamera yoyamba yogula mu 1884.
Herman Hollerith adapanga makina owerengera mu 1890 ndipo adapeza IBM.
Panthawi yovutayi yazatsopano, imodzi mwazokambirana zazikuluzikulu ndikuti pakati pa AC ndi DC.Makina osinthira a Tesla pamapeto pake adakhala njira yabwino yotumizira mphamvu mtunda wautali.Chochititsa chidwi, komabe, tikulimbana ndi kutembenuka kwa AC-DC lero.
AC mwina adapambana pankhondoyi, koma DC ikulamulirabe zamagetsi.
Yang'anani pa chipangizo chilichonse chamagetsi chomwe mumalumikiza pakhoma, muyenera kusintha AC kukhala DC.Kapena, ngati muyang'ana zowonongeka zomwe zimafunikira pazitsulo za dzuwa, zimapanga magetsi ku DC, zomwe ziyenera kutembenuzidwa ku AC monga gwero lamagetsi, ndi kubwerera ku DC kuti zipangizo zathu zigwiritse ntchito.Mutha kunena kuti mkangano wa AC-DC sunathe, malire anali atangochitika pakati pa malingaliro awiri otsutsana.
Pali zambiri mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo pakati pa AC ndi DC mu solar panel.
Zindikirani kuti lingaliro loyambirira la PCB silinapangidwe mu M'badwo Wokhazikika.Komabe, popanda mphamvu zopanga za nthawi ino, komanso kufalikira kwa magetsi, ma PCB sangakhale momwe alili masiku ano.
Progressive Era (1890-1920)
Progressive Era idadziwika ndi nthawi yosintha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi malamulo ngati Sherman Antitrust Act akuphwanya ulamuliro wa Standard Oil.Apanso ndipamene tikuwona zovomerezeka za PCB zoyambirira.Mu 1903, katswiri wina wa ku Germany, dzina lake Albert Hanson, anafunsira chilolezo cha ku Britain kuti apange chipangizo chotchedwa kondakitala chathyathyathya pa bolodi loteteza zinthu zambiri.Kumveka bwino?
Chojambula chosonyeza chiphaso choyamba cha Albert Hanson cha PCB.
Hansen akufotokozanso lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito-bowo mu patent yake.Apa akuwonetsa kuti mutha kubowola dzenje m'magawo awiri okhala ndi mizere yowongoka kuti mupange kulumikizana kwamagetsi.
Panthawiyi, tinayamba kuona Edison ndi atsogoleri ena amalonda akupanga kukankha kwakukulu kuti abweretse zipangizo zamagetsi m'nyumba za tsiku ndi tsiku.Vuto ndi kukankhira uku ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa standardization.Mukanakhala ku New York kapena ku New Jersey ndikugwiritsa ntchito magetsi amene Edison anapanga poyatsa, kutenthetsa kapena kuphika, chingachitike n’chiyani mutawagwiritsa ntchito mumzinda wina?Sangagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa tauni iliyonse ili ndi masinthidwe akeake.
Vutoli linakulanso chifukwa Edison sankafuna kugulitsira anthu babu, ankafunanso kugulitsa ntchito.Edison akhoza kukupatsirani magetsi mwezi uliwonse;ndiye kuti mumagula mababu, zida, ndi zina zotero. Inde, palibe mautumikiwa omwe amagwirizana ndi njira zina zopikisana.
Tikufuna kuthokoza Harvey Hubbel pomaliza kuthetsa chisokonezo ichi.Mu 1915, adapereka chilolezo cha pulagi yokhazikika pakhoma yomwe ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero.Tsopano tilibe chowotcha chowotcha kapena mbale yotentha yolumikizidwa mu soketi ya babu.Ichi ndi chipambano chachikulu kwa makampani standardization.
Chifukwa cha Harvey Hubbel, tsopano tili ndi khoma lokhazikika pazida zonse zamagetsi.
Monga cholemba chomaliza, Progressive Era idadziwika ndi Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse. Mkanganowu ukungoyang'ana njira zomenyera nkhondo.Lingaliro la PCB, kapenanso zida zamagetsi zoyambira, sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo, koma posachedwapa.
Zaka makumi awiri (1920s)
Kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko I, tsopano tili m’zaka za m’ma 20 Zobangula, zimene zinaona kuti chuma cha America chikuyenda bwino kwambiri.Kwa nthawi yoyamba m’mbiri, anthu ambiri amakhala m’mizinda kuposa m’mafamu.Tikuyambanso kuwona maunyolo ndi mitundu ikuyambitsidwa ku US.Mutha kukhala ndi malo ogulitsa mabanja kapena awiri m'matauni awiri osiyana, koma tsopano tili ndi masitolo akuluakulu ndi masitolo omwe amapita kudziko lonse.
Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chinapangidwa panthawiyi chinali galimoto ya Henry Ford ndi zomangamanga zomwe zinkafunika.Mkhalidwewu ndi wofanana ndi zaka za m'ma 1990, pamene tinkayenera kumanga maziko akuluakulu kuti tigwirizane ndi intaneti ndi zaka zathu za chidziwitso pomanga masiwichi, ma routers, ndi zingwe za fiber optic.Magalimoto ndi chimodzimodzi.
Galimoto yoyamba ya Henry Ford - mawilo anayi.
Apa tikuwona njira yomwe kale inali yafumbi yokonzedwa.Anthu ankafunika mafuta kuti aziyendetsa galimoto zawo, choncho panafunika malo opangira mafuta.Mulinso ndi masitolo okonza, zowonjezera ndi zina.Moyo wonse wa anthu ambiri unayamba chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa magalimoto, ndipo udakalipobe mpaka pano.
Panthawiyi m’pamenenso tinaona kuyambika kwa zipangizo zamakono zimene timadalirabe mpaka pano, monga makina ochapira, otsukira ndi mafiriji.Kwa nthawi yoyamba, anthu azitha kugula zinthu zowonongeka m'masitolo ndikuzisunga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Koma ma PCB athu ali kuti?Sitinawawonebe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zilizonse kapena magalimoto omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyi.Komabe, mu 1925, Charles Ducasse adalemba patent yomwe imafotokoza njira yowonjezerera inki yopangira zida zotetezera.Izi zipangitsa kuti pakhale bolodi yosindikizidwa (PWB).Patent iyi ndi ntchito yoyamba yofanana ndi PCB, koma ngati koyilo yotenthetsera yolinganiza.Sitinalumikizane kwenikweni ndi magetsi pakati pa bolodi ndi zigawo zake, koma tikuyandikira.
PCB idapitilirabe kusinthika, nthawi ino ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chotenthetsera cha Charles Ducas.
Great Depression (1930s)
Mu 1929, msika wa masheya unatsika pansi, ndipo zatsopano zonse za nthawi yathu zidatsika.Pano tikuwona nthawi ya ulova pamwamba pa 25%, kulephera kwa mabanki 25,000, ndi mavuto ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Inali nthaŵi yomvetsa chisoni kwa anthu onse, ikutsegulira njira kukwera kwa Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, ndi mikangano yathu yapadziko yamtsogolo.Ma PCB mwina adakhala chete mpaka pano, koma zonse zatsala pang'ono kusintha.
The Great Depression inakhudza aliyense, kuyambira mabanki mpaka antchito wamba.
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse (1939-1945)
Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse inali mkati, ndipo dziko la United States linaloŵerera m’nkhondoyo pambuyo pa kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba ku Pearl Harbor mu 1942. Chochititsa chidwi ndi Pearl Harbor ndi kulephera kwa kulankhulana konse kumene kunayambitsa chiwembucho.A US anali ndi umboni wabwino wa vuto lomwe linali pafupi, koma njira zonse zolumikizirana ndi gulu lawo lankhondo ku Honolulu sizinaphule kanthu, ndipo chisumbucho chidagwidwa mwadzidzidzi.
Chifukwa cha kulephera kumeneku, a DoD adazindikira kuti amafunikira njira yodalirika yolumikizirana.Izi zidabweretsa zamagetsi patsogolo ngati njira yayikulu yolumikizirana m'malo mwa Morse code.
Zinalinso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse pomwe tidawona kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa ma PCB moyandikana ndi ma fuse omwe tili nawo lero.Chipangizochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma projectile othamanga kwambiri omwe amafunikira moto wolunjika mtunda wautali kumwamba kapena pamtunda.The proximity fuze poyambirira idapangidwa ndi a Britain kuti athane ndi kupita patsogolo kwa gulu lankhondo la Hitler.Pambuyo pake idagawidwa ndi United States komwe mapangidwe ndi kupanga zidakonzedwa bwino.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zoyamba zankhondo kugwiritsa ntchito ma PCB chinali ma fuse oyandikira.
Panthawiyi, tinalinso ndi Paul Eisler, waku Austrian yemwe amakhala ku UK, wokhala ndi setifiketi yachitsulo yamkuwa pagawo lagalasi lopanda magalasi.Kumveka bwino?Ili ndi lingaliro lomwe timagwiritsabe ntchito mpaka pano kupanga ma PCB okhala ndi zotsekemera komanso zamkuwa pamwamba/pansi.Eisler adatengera lingaliroli mopitilira apo adapanga wailesi kuchokera mu PCB yake mu 1943, yomwe ingatsegule njira yofunsira usilikali mtsogolo.
Paul Eisler adapanga wailesi kuchokera pa bolodi yoyamba yosindikizidwa (PCB).
Ma Baby Boomers (1940s)
Pamene nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse inali kutha, tinaona asilikali athu akubwera kunyumba, kuyambitsa mabanja, ndi kukhala ndi gulu lonse la ana.Yesetsani kubadwa kwa mwana.Munali m’nthaŵi ya nkhondo itatha pamene tinawona kusintha kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zomwe zinalipo kale monga zotsukira, makina ochapira, ma TV ndi mawailesi.Tsopano popeza Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu kuli kumbuyo kwathu, ogula ambiri amatha kugula zida izi m'nyumba zawo.
Sitinawone ma PCB ogula.Kodi ntchito za Paul Eisler zili kuti?Yang'anani pa TV yakale iyi pansipa ndipo muwona zigawo zonse, koma popanda maziko a PCB.
Motorola TV yakale kuyambira 1948, palibe PCB.
Ngakhale kuti panalibe ma PCB, tinawona kufika kwa transistor ku Bell Labs mu 1947. Zinatenga zaka zina zisanu ndi chimodzi mu 1953 chipangizocho chisanagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga kupanga, koma chifukwa chiyani?M’masiku amenewo chidziŵitso chinali kufalitsidwa kudzera m’manyuzipepala, m’misonkhano, ndi zina zotero.
Transistor woyamba adabadwa ku Bell Laboratories mu 1947.
Cold War Era (1947-1991)
Kufika kwa nyengo ya Cold War kunasonyeza nthawi ya mkangano waukulu pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union.Chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa capitalism ndi communism, zimphona ziwirizi zatsala pang'ono kumenyana wina ndi mzake ndipo zaika dziko lapansi pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongedwa kwa nyukiliya.
Kuti akhalebe patsogolo pa mpikisano wa zida zankhondo umenewu, mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kukulitsa luso lawo lolankhulana kuti amvetse zimene mdaniyo akuchita.Apa tikuwona PCB ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira.Mu 1956, Asitikali aku US adatulutsa chivomerezo cha "msonkhano wachigawo."Opanga tsopano ali ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zamagetsi ndikupanga kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zamkuwa.
Pamene ma PCB anayamba kuyambika m’dziko lopanga zinthu, tinapezeka kuti tili pa mpikisano woyamba wa mlengalenga padziko lapansi.Russia yachita bwino kwambiri panthawiyi, kuphatikiza:
1957 Kukhazikitsidwa kwa satellite yoyamba yokumba, Sputnik
1959 Kutulutsidwa kwa Luna 2, ndege yoyamba yopita ku Mwezi
Mu 1961 Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut woyamba, adatumizidwa kuti azungulira Dziko Lapansi
Satellite yoyamba yokumba ku Russia, Sputnik, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1957.
Amereka ali kuti mu zonsezi?Makamaka kutsalira m'mbuyo, nthawi zambiri zimatenga chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri kupanga ukadaulo womwewo.Kuthana ndi kusiyana kumeneku, tikuwona bajeti ya mlengalenga ya US ikukula mowirikiza kasanu mu 1960. Tilinso ndi mawu otchuka a Purezidenti Kennedy a 1962, omwe mbali yake ndi oyenera kubwereza:
“Timasankha kupita kumwezi!Timasankha kupita kumwezi kukachita zinthu zina zaka khumi izi, osati chifukwa ndizosavuta, koma chifukwa ndizovuta;chifukwa cholinga ichi chithandiza kukonza ndi kuyeza mphamvu zathu ndi luso lathu, chifukwa cha zovuta izi ndi zomwe timalolera kuchita, zomwe sitikufuna kuzimitsa, komanso zomwe tili okonzeka kupambana. ”- John F. Kennedy, Purezidenti wa United States, September 12, 1962
Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale nthawi yapadera kwambiri m'mbiri.Pa July 20, 1969, munthu woyamba wa ku America anafika pa mwezi.
Munthu woyamba pa mwezi, nthawi yosaiwalika kwa anthu.
Kubwerera ku ma PCB, mu 1963 tinali ndi chilolezo cha Hazeltyne Corporation choyamba chopangidwa ndi ukadaulo wapabowo.Izi zidzalola kuti zigawozo zikhale zodzaza pafupi ndi PCB popanda kudandaula za zolumikizira.Tidawonanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Surface Mount Technology (SMT), yopangidwa ndi IBM.Misonkhano yowundanayi idawonedwa koyamba muzochita mu chowonjezera cha roketi cha Saturn.
1967 Patent yoyamba yaukadaulo ya PCB.
Dawn of the Microprocessor (1970s)
Zaka za m'ma 70 zidatibweretsera microprocessor yoyamba mu mawonekedwe a dera lophatikizika (IC).Izi zidapangidwa koyambirira ndi Jack Kilby waku Texas Instruments mu 1958. Kilby anali watsopano ku TI, kotero malingaliro ake opanga ma ICs adasungidwa kwambiri.Komabe, pamene mainjiniya akuluakulu a TI adatumizidwa ku msonkhano wa sabata, Kilby adatsalira ndikuthamanga ndi malingaliro m'mutu mwake.Apa, adapanga IC yoyamba mu ma labu a TI, ndipo mainjiniya obwerera adakonda.
Jack Kilby ali ndi gawo loyamba lophatikizika.
M'zaka za m'ma 1970, tinawona kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa ma IC pakupanga zamagetsi.Pakadali pano, ngati simukugwiritsa ntchito PCB pamalumikizidwe anu, muli pamavuto akulu.
Dawn of the Digital Age (1980s)
M'badwo wa digito wabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu muzofalitsa zomwe timadya, ndikuyambitsa zida zaumwini monga ma disks, VHS, makamera, masewera a masewera, walkmans, ndi zina.
Mu 1980, masewera a kanema a Atari adapangitsa kuti maloto a ana akwaniritsidwe.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ma PCB amakokedwabe ndi manja pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa opepuka ndi zolembera, koma makompyuta ndi EDA zinabwera.Apa tikuwona mapulogalamu a EDA ngati Protel ndi EAGLE akusintha momwe timapangira ndi kupanga zamagetsi.M'malo mwa chithunzi cha PCB, tsopano tikhoza kusunga mapangidwewo ngati fayilo ya Gerber, yomwe makonzedwe ake angalowe mu makina opanga kupanga PCB.
Nthawi ya intaneti (1990s)
M'zaka za m'ma 90, tidawona kugwiritsa ntchito silicon kukufika pachimake poyambitsa BGA.Tsopano titha kuyika zipata zambiri pa chipangizo chimodzi ndikuyamba kuyika kukumbukira ndi machitidwe-pa-chip (SoCs) palimodzi.Iyi inalinso nthawi ya miniaturization yapamwamba yamagetsi.Sitinawone zatsopano zomwe zikuwonjezedwa ku PCB, koma mapangidwe onse adayamba kusintha ndikusintha, kupita ku IC.
Opanga tsopano akuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira za Design-for-test (DFT) pamasanjidwe awo.Sikophweka kutulutsa chigawo chimodzi ndikuwonjezera mzere wabuluu.Mainjiniya ayenera kupanga masanjidwe awo poganizira kukonzanso mtsogolo.Kodi zigawo zonsezi zimayikidwa m'njira yoti zitha kuchotsedwa mosavuta?Izi ndizovuta kwambiri.
Inalinso nthawi yomwe maphukusi ang'onoang'ono ngati 0402 adapangitsa kuti ma board ozungulira pamanja akhale osatheka.Wopangayo tsopano akukhala mu pulogalamu yake ya EDA ndipo wopangayo ali ndi udindo wopanga thupi ndi kusonkhana.
Zokwera pamwamba kuyambira zazikulu mpaka zazing'ono.
Nyengo ya Hybrid (zaka za m'ma 2000 ndi kupitirira)
Dulani nthawi yamasiku ano yamagetsi ndi mapangidwe a PCB;yomwe timatcha nthawi ya haibridi.M'mbuyomu, tinali ndi zida zingapo pazosowa zingapo.Mufunika chowerengera;mumagula chowerengera.Mukufuna kusewera masewera apakanema;mumagula konsoli yamasewera apakanema.Tsopano mutha kugula foni yam'manja ndikupeza magawo 30 osiyanasiyana azinthu zomangidwira.Izi zitha kuwoneka zomveka bwino, koma ndizodabwitsa mukamawona zinthu zonse zomwe mafoni athu amatha kuchita:
buku la adilesi ya zida zamasewera imelo barcode scanner tochi belu kamera navigation
Chosewerera nyimbo chowerengera VCR mapu a intaneti osatsegula kalendala yamakanema
Makina ojambulira matikiti a foni yam'manja Mabuku aku banki
Tili m'nthawi yophatikiza zida, koma chotsatira ndi chiyani?Ma PCB amakhazikitsidwa ndipo tili ndi njira ndi njira pafupifupi chilichonse.Mapulogalamu othamanga kwambiri akukhala chizolowezi.Tikuwonanso kuti 25% yokha ya opanga PCB ali ndi zaka zosakwana 45, pomwe 75% akukonzekera kupuma pantchito.Makampaniwa akuwoneka kuti ali pamavuto.
Kodi tsogolo la mapangidwe a PCB lidzakhala maloboti?Mwinamwake mu chovala chokhala ndi flex circuit?Kapena tikhoza kuona mapulotoni m'malo mwa ma elekitironi ndi ma photonics.Malinga ndi zomwe tikudziwa za PCB zakuthupi, izi zitha kusintha mtsogolo.Palibe chifukwa cha sing'anga yakuthupi kuti athe kulumikizana pakati pa zigawo, koma kuthekera kwaukadaulo wamafunde.Izi zitha kulola kuti zigawo zitumize ma siginecha opanda zingwe popanda kufunikira kwa mkuwa.
Kodi tsogolo lidzakhala lotani?
Palibe amene akudziwa kumene tsogolo la mapangidwe a PCB, kapena ngakhale zamagetsi, zikupita.Patha zaka pafupifupi 130 kuchokera pamene minofu yathu yopangira zinthu inayamba kugwira ntchito.Kuyambira pamenepo, dziko lasintha kosatha ndikuyambitsa zinthu zazikulu monga magalimoto, zida, makompyuta, mafoni am'manja, ndi zina zambiri.Kale masiku amene tinkadalira malasha, matabwa kapena mafuta pa moyo wathu wonse komanso kuti tikhale ndi moyo.Tsopano tili ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Koma kodi m'tsogolomu muli zotani?Ichi ndi chachikulu chosadziwika.Ife tonse tikudziwa kuti zonse zopangidwa patsogolo pathu zimayima pamapewa a omwe adatsogolera.Makolo athu adabweretsa mapangidwe a PCB pomwe ali lero, ndipo tsopano tikufunika kupanga zatsopano ndikusintha momwe timapangira ndi kulumikizana ndiukadaulo.Tsogolo likhoza kukhala chilichonse.Tsogolo limadalira inu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-17-2023