PCBikorwa nubuhanga bwo gucapa ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, bityo yitwa icyapa cyumuzingo.Hafi yubwoko bwose bwibikoresho bya elegitoronike, uhereye kuri terefone, bateri, kubara, kugeza kuri mudasobwa, ibikoresho byitumanaho, indege, satelite, mugihe cyose hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya elegitoronike nkumuzunguruko uhuriweho, PCB zikoreshwa muguhuza amashanyarazi hagati yabo.
PCB na PCBA ni PCB zifite ibice bitarondoreka, PCBA (Inteko ishinga amategeko y’icapiro ryacapwe), ni ukuvuga PCB zifite ibikoresho bya elegitoronike (nka chip, umuhuza, résistoriste, capacator, inductors, nibindi).
Inkomoko ya PCB
Mu 1925, Charles Ducas muri Amerika (itangwa ry'uburyo bwo kongeramo) yacapwe icyitegererezo cy'akarere kuri subgerateur, hanyuma igakora umurongo wa interineti nk'ikirere.
Mu 1936, umunya Otirishiya Paul Eisler (uwatangije uburyo bwo gukuramo) niwe wambere wakoresheje imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe kumaradiyo.
Mu 1943, Abanyamerika bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga kuri radiyo ya gisirikare.Mu 1948, Amerika yemeye kumugaragaro igihangano cyo gukoresha ubucuruzi.
Ikibaho cyumuzingo cyacapwe cyakoreshejwe cyane kuva hagati ya 1950, kandi nubu cyiganje mubikorwa bya elegitoroniki.
Ikibaho cyumuzingo cyacapwe cyateye imbere kuva kumurongo umwe kugeza kumpande ebyiri, ibyiciro byinshi kandi byoroshye, kandi biracyakomeza iterambere ryabo bwite.Bitewe niterambere ridahwema mu cyerekezo cyukuri, cyinshi kandi cyizewe cyane, kugabanuka kwubunini, kugabanya ibiciro no kunoza imikorere, imbaho zicapye ziracyafite imbaraga zikomeye mugutezimbere ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bizaza.
Ibiganiro kubyerekeranye niterambere ryigihe kizaza cyikoranabuhanga ryicapiro ryumuzunguruko wimbere mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga birahuza cyane cyane, ni ukuvuga kubyerekeranye n'ubucucike bukabije, busobanutse neza, aperture nziza, insinga ntoya, ikibuga gito, kwizerwa cyane, ibyiciro byinshi, kwanduza byihuse , uburemere bworoheje Mu bijyanye n’umusaruro, iratera imbere mu cyerekezo cyo kongera umusaruro, kugabanya ibiciro, kugabanya umwanda, no guhuza n’umusaruro utandukanye kandi muto.
Uruhare rwa PCB
Mbere yuko ikibaho cyumuzingo cyacapwe kigaragara, guhuza ibice bya elegitoronike byahujwe ninsinga kugirango bibe uruziga rwuzuye.
Nyuma yuko ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bimaze gufata imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe, kubera guhuza imbaho zisa zicapuwe, amakosa yo gukoresha intoki aririndwa.
Ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyacapwe gishobora gutanga ubufasha bwubukanishi bwo gutunganya no guteranya ibice bitandukanye bya elegitoronike nkumuzunguruko uhuriweho, kuzuza insinga n’amashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi hagati y’ibikoresho bitandukanye bya elegitoronike nk’imiyoboro ihuriweho, kandi bigatanga ibiranga amashanyarazi asabwa, nkibiranga Impedance, nibindi, birashobora gutanga ibicapo byabashushanyo byo kugurisha byikora, kandi bigatanga ibimenyetso biranga ibishushanyo byo kwinjiza, kugenzura, no kubungabunga.
Ibyiciro bya PCB
1. Gutondekanya intego
Ikibaho cy’abasivili cyacapishijwe (umuguzi): imbaho zicapye zikoreshwa mu bikinisho, kamera, televiziyo, ibikoresho byamajwi, terefone zigendanwa, nibindi.
Inganda zicapishijwe imashanyarazi (ibikoresho): imbaho zicapye zikoreshwa mumutekano, imodoka, mudasobwa, imashini zitumanaho, ibikoresho, nibindi.
Ibisirikare byacapwe byumuzunguruko: imbaho zacapwe zikoreshwa mukirere na radar, nibindi.
2. Gutondekanya kubwoko bwa substrate
Impapuro zishingiye ku mpapuro zerekana imizunguruko: impapuro za fenolike zishingiye ku mbaho zuzunguruka, epoxy impapuro zishingiye ku cyapa cyizunguruka, n'ibindi.
Ikirahuri gishingiye ku mbaho zanditseho imizunguruko: epoxy ibirahuri by'ibirahuri bishingiye ku mbaho zanditseho imizunguruko, PTFE y'ibirahuri bishingiye ku mbaho zacapwe, n'ibindi.
Sintetike fibre yacapishijwe ikibaho cyumuzunguruko: epoxy synthique fibre yacapishijwe ikibaho cyumuzunguruko, nibindi.
Organic firime substrate yacapishijwe ikibaho cyumuzunguruko: nylon firime yacapishijwe ikibaho cyumuzunguruko, nibindi.
Ceramic substrate yanditseho imbaho zumuzingo.
Ibyuma byibanze bishingiye kumyandikire yumuzingi.
3. Gutondekanya ukurikije imiterere
Ukurikije imiterere, imbaho zumuzunguruko zacapwe zirashobora kugabanywamo imbaho zicapye zicapishijwe imbaho, imbaho zicapye zicapye zoroshye kandi zicapishijwe imashanyarazi.
4. Gutondekanya ukurikije umubare wabyo
Ukurikije umubare wibice, imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe zirashobora kugabanywamo imbaho zomuruhande rumwe, imbaho zibiri, imbaho nyinshi hamwe nimbaho za HDI (imbaho zuzuzanya cyane).
1) Uruhande rumwe
Ikibaho cyuruhande rumwe bivuga ikibaho cyumuzunguruko cyatsindagiye kuruhande rumwe gusa (kuruhande rwo kugurisha) cyumuzunguruko, kandi ibice byose, ibirango byibigize hamwe nibirango byanditse bishyirwa kurundi ruhande (kuruhande rwibigize).
Ikintu kinini kiranga akanama kamwe kamwe ni igiciro cyacyo gito kandi cyoroshye cyo gukora.Nyamara, kubera ko insinga zishobora gukorwa gusa hejuru yubuso bumwe, insinga zirakomeye, kandi insinga ikunda kunanirwa, bityo rero irakwiriye gusa kumirongo yoroheje isa.
2) Impande ebyiri
Ikibaho cyibice bibiri cyatsindagiye kumpande zombi zurubaho, uruhande rumwe rukoreshwa nkurwego rwo hejuru, urundi ruhande rukoreshwa nkurwego rwo hasi.Hejuru no hepfo ibice byahujwe n'amashanyarazi binyuze muri vias.
Mubisanzwe, ibice kumurongo wibice bibiri bishyirwa kumurongo wo hejuru;icyakora, rimwe na rimwe ibice bishobora gushyirwa kumurongo yombi kugirango ugabanye ubunini bwinama.Ikibaho cyibice bibiri kirangwa nigiciro giciriritse kandi byoroshye.Nubwoko bukunze gukoreshwa muburyo busanzwe bwumuzunguruko.
3) Ikibaho kinini
Ikibaho cyumuzingi cyacapishijwe ibice birenga bibiri hamwe hamwe byerekanwa nkibibaho byinshi.
4) Ubuyobozi bwa HDI
Ikibaho cya HDI ni ikibaho cyumuzunguruko gifite ubwinshi bwikwirakwizwa ryumuzunguruko ukoresheje tekinoroji ya micro-impumyi yashyinguwe.
Imiterere ya PCB
PCB igizwe ahanini na laminate yambaye umuringa (Umuringa Clad Laminates, CCL), prepreg (urupapuro rwa PP), umuringa wumuringa (Umuringa wo mu muringa), mask yo kugurisha (izwi kandi nka mask yo kugurisha) (Mask Solder).Muri icyo gihe, mu rwego rwo kurinda ifu y'umuringa yagaragaye hejuru no kwemeza ingaruka zo gusudira, birakenewe kandi no kuvura hejuru kuri PCB, kandi rimwe na rimwe ikanashyirwaho inyuguti.
1) Umuringa Wambaye Laminate
Laminate yambaye umuringa (CCL), yitwa laminate yuzuye umuringa cyangwa laminate yambaye umuringa, ni ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gukora imbaho zicapye.Igizwe na dielectric layer (resin, fibre fibre) hamwe nuyobora cyane (foil foil).igizwe n'ibikoresho byinshi.
Mu 1960 ni bwo abakora umwuga babigize umwuga bakoresheje forode ya ferdehide resin yumuringa nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango bakore PCBs imwe, hanyuma bayishyira ku isoko ryabakinnyi bafata amajwi, ibyuma bifata amajwi, ibyuma bifata amashusho, nibindi. Nyuma, kubera kuzamuka kwikubye kabiri -kunyuze mu mwobo umuringa wo gukora umuringa wo gukora, kurwanya ubushyuhe, ingano Ibirahuri bya epoxy bihamye byakoreshejwe kugeza ubu.Muri iki gihe, FR4, FR1, CEM3, plaque ceramic na plaque ya Teflon irakoreshwa cyane.
Kugeza ubu, PCB ikoreshwa cyane yakozwe nuburyo bwo gutobora ni uguhitamo guhitamo ku kibaho cyambaye umuringa kugirango ubone uburyo bwumuzunguruko bukenewe.Umuringa wambaye laminate utanga ahanini imirimo itatu yo gutwara, kubika no gushyigikira ku kibaho cyose cyacapwe.Imikorere, ubuziranenge hamwe ninganda zo gukora imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe biterwa ahanini na laminates zambaye umuringa
2) Itegure
Prepreg, izwi kandi ku rupapuro rwa PP, ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ingenzi mu gukora imbaho nyinshi.Igizwe ahanini na resin n'ibikoresho bishimangira.Ibikoresho bishimangira bigabanyijemo umwenda wibirahure (byitwa umwenda wikirahure), impapuro zifatizo hamwe nibikoresho byinshi.
Byinshi mubitegura (impapuro zifatika) zikoreshwa mugukora imbaho zicapye zicapye zumuzingi zikoresha imyenda yikirahure nkibikoresho bishimangira.Urupapuro ruto cyane rukozwe mu gutera akabariro ibirahuri bivuwe hamwe na resin glue, hanyuma bigatekwa mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe byitwa prepreg.Prepreges yoroshye munsi yubushyuhe nigitutu kandi igakomera iyo ikonje.
Kubera ko umubare wimyenda yintambara kuri buri burebure bwimyenda yikirahure mu cyerekezo cyerekeranye nicyuma gitandukanye, hagomba kwitonderwa icyerekezo cyintambara nicyerekezo cya prereg mugihe cyo gutema.Mubisanzwe, icyerekezo cyintambara (icyerekezo igitambaro cyikirahure kigoramye) cyatoranijwe nkicyerekezo kigufi cyicyerekezo cyibicuruzwa, naho icyerekezo cyo kuboha nicyerekezo cyuruhande rurerure rwibicuruzwa ni ukureba niba uburinganire bwa ubuso bwibibaho no kubuza ikibaho cyumusaruro kugoreka no guhindurwa nyuma yo gushyuha.
3) Umuringa
Umuringa wumuringa ni icyuma cyoroshye, gikomeza icyuma gishyirwa kumurongo wibanze wikibaho.Nkumuyobora wa PCB, ihujwe byoroshye nigice cyiziritse kandi ikorwa kugirango ibe ishusho yumuzunguruko.
Inganda zisanzwe zumuringa zishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: umuringa uzungurutswe (RA umuringa wumuringa) hamwe numuringa wa electrolytike wumuringa (ED umuringa wa ED):
Ifu y'umuringa yazungurutswe ifite ihindagurika ryiza nibindi biranga, kandi ni umuringa wumuringa ukoreshwa mugihe cyambere cyoroshye;
Umuringa wa electrolytike wumuringa ufite inyungu zo kugiciro gito cyo gukora kuruta umuringa uzunguruka
4) Mask
Abacuruzi barwanya ibice bivuga igice cyumuzingo wacapwe wacapishijwe hamwe nuwagurishije wino.
Abacuruzi barwanya wino mubisanzwe ni icyatsi, kandi bake bakoresha umutuku, umukara nubururu, nibindi, bityo abagurisha barwanya wino bakunze kwita amavuta yicyatsi mubikorwa bya PCB.Ni urwego ruhoraho rwo kurinda imbaho zumuzingo zacapwe, zishobora gukumira ubushuhe, Kurwanya ruswa, anti-mildew hamwe no gukanika imashini, nibindi, ariko kandi bikabuza ibice gusudwa ahantu hatari.
5) Kuvura hejuru
"Ubuso" nkuko bukoreshwa hano bivuga ingingo zihuza kuri PCB zitanga umurongo wamashanyarazi hagati yibikoresho bya elegitoronike cyangwa izindi sisitemu hamwe nizunguruka kuri PCB, nkibintu bihuza amakariso cyangwa imiyoboro ihuza.Kugurisha umuringa wambaye ubusa ubwabyo nibyiza cyane, ariko biroroshye okiside kandi bihumanya iyo bihuye numwuka, bityo firime ikingira igomba gutwikirwa hejuru yumuringa wambaye ubusa.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura PCB burimo isasu HASL, idafite HASL idafite isuku, igifuniko kama (Organic Solderability Preservatives, OSP), zahabu yo kwibiza, ifeza yibiza, amabati yo kwibiza hamwe nintoki zometseho zahabu, nibindi hamwe nogukomeza kunoza amategeko arengera ibidukikije, ngaho Nibiyobora inzira HASL yagiye ihagarikwa buhoro buhoro.
6) Inyuguti
Imiterere ni inyandiko yanditswe, kurwego rwo hejuru rwa PCB, irashobora kuba idahari, kandi ikoreshwa mubisanzwe.
Mubisanzwe, murwego rwo koroshya kwishyiriraho no gufata neza uruziga, ibirango bisabwa byerekana ibimenyetso hamwe na code yinyandiko byacapwe hejuru hejuru no hepfo yibibaho byacapwe, nkibirango bigize ibice nindangagaciro zizina, ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana imiterere nibirango byakozwe, umusaruro amatariki ategereze.
Inyuguti zisanzwe zicapishwa no gucapa ecran
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-11-2023